虚拟语气概述
1.语气及其种类 语气是动词的一种形式,它表示动词的作用和说话人的意图和态度。 英语动词的语气分三种:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的。 祈使语气表示动作或状态是说话人的建议、请求、命令等。 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 2.虚拟语气的形式 虚拟语气有两种形式:be型虚拟语气和were型虚拟语气。Be 型虚拟语气是指不管主 语是什么人称,动词一律用原形;were型虚拟语气是指不管主语是什么人称,动词一律用 were(即过去时)。试比较: I hope you can go with us.(表示一种有可能实现的愿望) 我希望你能同我们一起走。 I wish you could go with us.(表示一种完全不能实现的愿望) 我希望你能同我们一起走。
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虚拟语气的用法 1.在非真实条件句中 ⑴表示与现在事实相反:if从句用过去时,主句用should / would / could / might加不定 式。如: If she had time, she would / could / might go with you. 如果她有时间,她就会/能和你去。 ⑵表示与过去事实相反:if从句用过去完成体,主句用should / would / could / might加 不定式完成体。如: If I had had the money last year, I should / would / could / might have bought a house. 如果我去年有了这些钱,我就会/可能买一所房子了。 ⑶表示未来实现可能性极小,if从句用should / were to,主句用should / would / could / might加不定式。如: If there should be / were / were to be something wrong, they would / could / might let you know at once. 如果出了什么事,他们会/可能马上告诉你。 2.在wish后的that从句中 主要表示愿望,that常省略。如果指现在或将来的愿望,从句用过去时;如果指过去没 有实现或不可能实现的愿望,从句用过去完成体。如: I wish it were summer now. 现在要是夏天该多好。 I wish I knew his address. (I am sorry I don’t know his address.) 可惜我不知道他的地址。 I wish you had written to her. (I’m sorry you didn’t write to her.) 可惜你没写信给她。 如果将wish改为wished,其后that从句中的时、体形式不变。试比较: I wish I hadn’t spent so much money. (I am sorry I spent so much money.) I wished I hadn’t spent so much money. (I was sorry I had spent so much money.) 我后悔不该花那么多钱。 如果that从句中用would,可以表示请求,通常表示说话人的不满或不快。如: The radio is too loud, I wish you would turn it down. 我希望你能把收音机的音量调小一点儿。 I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停下来。 另外,与wish这种用法一致的还有would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿),had rather(宁 愿)等词或短语后面的从句中,谓语动词应使用一般过去时,表示与现在相反的虚拟语气, 表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时。如: I would rather you came next month. 我宁愿你下个月来。 3.在主语从句中 虚拟语气常用在以It is / was开头的复合句的主语从句中,表示要求、建议、命令、提 议等,其谓语形式往往为“should+动词原形”,在美语中,常常省略should。如: It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去。 It is requested that the rules (should) be protected. 已请求章程是受保护的。 可以引导虚拟语气的主语从句的形容词有:advisable, appropriate, best, better, important, necessary, desirable, preferable, proper, urgent等。过去分词有:decided, ordered, desired, advised, required, ordered, demanded, requested, insisted, moved, arranged, suggested等。 4.在状语从句中 ⑴在方式状语从句中的用法 从句用were型,表示从句与主句的动作同时发生,如: He looks as if he were ill. 他看起来好象病了。 从句用had been型,表示从句的动作先于主句的动作发生,如: The young man answered the strangers kindly, as if he had spoken to good friends. 年青人友好地回答陌生人,好像和好朋友说话。 ⑵在目的状语从句中的用法 从句以in order that或so that引导,动词用should be型虚拟形式,如: They are climbing higher so that they should get a better view. 他们正往高处爬,以便看得更清楚。 从句以in case, for fear (that), lest引导,表示否定目的,动词用should be型或be型虚拟 式,美语中常用be型,如: He took an umbrella with him in case he (should) be caught in the rain. 他带了雨伞,以免遭雨淋。 ⑶在让步状语从句中的用法 从句由even if / even though引导,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,形式与条件句相同,即: 如所指时间为现在或将来,则主句为should / would be型,从句为were型;如所指时间为 过去,则主句用should / would had been型,从句用had been型。如: Even though it had been a rainy day, I should have gone to see him. 即使那天下雨,我也会去看他的。 当从句由though / although引导,从句还可用were型或should be型,主句可用陈述语 气,如: Though the whole world should condemn him, I will still believe in him. 即使全世界都谴责他,我仍相信他。 主句用陈述语气,从句用be型虚拟形式,如: However hard it rain, we shall go home tonight. 不管雨下得多大,今晚我们也要回家。 5.在表语从句和同位语从句中 当表语从句的主语和同位语从句的先行词是能够引起虚拟语气的抽象名词时,从句必须 用虚拟语气。
从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”的形式。如: My suggestion is that he (should) take part in the game. 我的建议是他要加入这次比赛。 He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained. 他下令热情款待这些客人。 能够引起虚拟语气的名词有:advice, demand, desire, idea, motion, plan, proposal, requirement, suggestion, recommendation, suggestion等。 6.在“主语+引起虚拟的动词+含虚拟语气的宾语从句”的句型中 表示愿望、请求、建议等意义的动词,当它们作为谓语引导宾语从句时,从句谓语必须 为“should+动词原形”的形式。这类动词有:ask, advise, command, demand, desire, deserve, decide, intend, move, order, prefer, request, require, recommend, suggest等。 He ordered that the letter (should) be mailed at once. 他吩咐马上把这封信寄出。 在动词expect, believe, think, suspect等的否定形式或疑问形式后,宾语从句的谓语可用 虚拟语气,其形式为“should+动词原形或完成式”。 I don’t think it advisable that he (should) have his car serviced. 我觉得他请人检修一下汽车是不明智的。 7.在其他惯用句型中 在if only感叹句中,表示“但愿”、“要是……就好”,它的用法和I wish基本相同,只 是更富有感情色彩。与would连用,表示一时很难实现的愿望。如: If only she didn’t drive so fast. 但愿她不开那么快。 If only I had arrived in time! 我要是及时到达该多好! 在It’s (high) time后的that从句中,表示“该是……的时候了”,含有晚了一点的意思; 为了强调,往往在time前加high。如: It’s high time we went to school. 我们该去上学了。 It’s (high) time (that) we left. 我们该走了。 用于otherwise或or引导的并列分句。如: I didn’t know his address; otherwise I would write him earlier. 我不知道他的地址,否则我会早点儿写信给他。 用于表示祝愿、诅咒等意义的句子中,谓语动词为be型虚拟式,如: Long live our motherlands! 祖国万岁! Money is hanged! 该死的金钱。
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